Respiratory

The following information is based on the publication “Exploring Current Concepts and Challenges in the Identification and Management of Early-Stage COPD”  (J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 5293). The article was authored by a multidisciplinary team of leading Spanish specialists: Esperanza Doña, Rocío Reinoso-Arija, Laura Carrasco-Hernandez, Adolfo Doménech, Antonio Dorado, and José Luis Lopez-Campos. These experts work in university hospitals and respiratory departments in Malaga an

This material is based on the latest and most comprehensive scientific consensus report from the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD): “Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2023 Report: GOLD Executive Summary”  (American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol 207, Issue 7, 2023). The document was prepared by an international team of leading pulmonologists, medical researchers, and clinicians, including: Prof. Alvar Ag

This article is entirely based on the latest and most comprehensive scientific report from the GOLD initiative (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease), published in 2023 in the prestigious American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine . The document was developed by an international team of leading experts in pulmonary diseases and clinical medicine, including Prof. Alvar Agustí (University Hospital Barcelona), Prof. Bartolome Celli (Harvard Medi

This article is entirely based on the latest and most comprehensive scientific report from the GOLD initiative (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease), published in 2023 in the prestigious American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine . The document was developed by an international team of leading experts in pulmonary diseases and clinical medicine, including Prof. Alvar Agustí (University Hospital Barcelona), Prof. Bartolome Celli (Harvard Medi

This article summarizes the most important and up-to-date information for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), based entirely on the peer-reviewed scientific publication "The 2023 GOLD Report: Updated Guidelines for Inhaled Pharmacological Therapy in Patients with Stable COPD,"  published in the journal Pulmonary Therapy  in 2023. The authors of this publication are Dr. Paul D. Terry and Dr. Rajiv Dhand—respected medical professionals, educators, and cl

This article is based on the scientific publication “GOLD 2023: Highlights for Primary Care,”  published in npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine (2023) , with lead author Prof. Alvar Agustí (Cátedra Salud Respiratoria, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain), co-authored by Dr. Antoni Sisó-Almirall, Dr. Miguel Román, and Prof. Klaus F. Rabe, together with the expert team from the GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) Scientific Committee. The

Introduction: What Is COPD? Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive, long-term lung condition characterized by irreversible limitation of airflow to and from the lungs. This breathing disorder results in persistent respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath, chronic cough, and production of sputum. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the latest Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD 2025) report, COPD is defin

This article is based on the comprehensive review “Asthma epidemiology and risk factors,” published in Seminars in Immunopathology  (Volume 42, pages 21–40) in 2020 by Dr. Jessica Stern, Dr. Jennifer Pier, and Dr. Augusto A. Litonjua from the University of Rochester, USA. The authors are leading experts and researchers in the fields of allergy, immunology, and pulmonary medicine, with extensive clinical and academic experience in the study and treatment of asthma. In the foll

The information that follows is based on the large-scale systematic review “Preschool wheezing and asthma in children: a systematic review of guidelines and quality appraisal with the Agree II Instrument,”  published in 2020 in the journal Pediatric Allergy and Immunology . The article is the result of the work of a multidisciplinary international team of leading experts in pediatric pulmonology, allergology, and pediatrics, united in the EAACI Task Force on Clinical Practice

This article is entirely based on the guidelines and conclusions presented in the review article “Guidelines for the management of asthma in adults: Evidence and recommendations,”  published in the Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology . The publication was developed by a multidisciplinary team of leading physicians and scientists in pulmonary medicine, allergology, and emergency medicine in Thailand, with contributions from specialists affiliated with major univers

The information presented here is based on the latest scientific consensus published in the article “Disease Modification in Asthma: Are We on the Right Way? A Multidisciplinary Expert Delphi Consensus (MODIASTHMA Consensus)” , featured in the Journal of Asthma and Allergy  in 2024. The author team is multidisciplinary and includes leading experts in allergology, pulmonology, and pediatrics from university and specialized hospitals in Spain. These specialists bring extensive

This article summarizes the most important practical questions and answers for people living with asthma, based on the leading scientific publication “Key recommendations for primary care from the 2022 Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) update,”  published in 2023 in npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine  (doi: 10.1038/s41533-023-00330-1). This publication was created by an international team of leading physicians and researchers in the field of respiratory diseases, includi

The information below is entirely based on the authoritative medical reference The Washington Manual of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology , 2nd Edition (2013), edited by Dr. Shirley Joo and Dr. Andrew L. Kau—both prominent experts in allergy and clinical immunology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, USA. This publication is the collaborative work of numerous physicians, educators, and researchers with extensive clinical and academic experience, combining

What Is Asthma? Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways affecting millions of people worldwide—about 339 million, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). It is characterized by episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, which result from temporary narrowing and inflammation of the bronchial tubes (Gaillard et al., 2021; Louis et al., 2022). While asthma cannot be completely cured, with proper control and treatment, pati