Heart Problems

AUDIO: I. Overview  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a chronic, progressive condition characterized by the formation of atherosclerotic plaques along the inner walls of the coronary arteries—vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle. These plaques can narrow or completely block the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart (myocardial ischemia) and, in severe cases, causing a heart attack (myocardial infarction). CAD is a leading cause of illness and death

AUDIO:   In this article, you’ll find answers to key questions commonly asked by patients with ischemic stroke and their loved ones. The information is entirely based on the summary and recommendations of the review publication “Treatments in Ischemic Stroke: Current and Future,”  published in the journal European Neurology  in 2022. The authors are Dr. Maria Giulia Mosconi and Prof. Maurizio Paciaroni—experts in cardiology, emergency medicine, and stroke—working at the Unive

AUDIO:   Stroke is one of the greatest challenges facing modern medicine and society, affecting millions of people worldwide every year. To provide the most up-to-date and objective information on the subject, this article is based entirely on the scientific review “Pathophysiology and Treatment of Stroke: Present Status and Future Perspectives”  – a peer-reviewed paper published in 2020 in the authoritative journal International Journal of Molecular Sciences . The authors of

AUDIO:  The information in the following Q&A is based entirely on the review article “Acute Ischemic Stroke” , published in 2020 in The...

AUDIO:  The information presented in this article is based on the scientific review “Ischemic Stroke”  by Professor Dr. Steven K. Feske, a leading neurologist and researcher at Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine. The review was published in The American Journal of Medicine  in 2021 (Feske, S.K., "Ischemic Stroke", The American Journal of Medicine , 2021). This article combines the author’s extensive clinical and research experience with the latest

AUDIO: This article presents a concise and expert-validated summary of the guidelines from "Stroke Prevention in Symptomatic Large Artery Intracranial Atherosclerosis Practice Advisory,"  published in 2022 in Neurology  (Turan TN et al., American Academy of Neurology). The document was developed by a multinational team of leading neurologists, neurosurgeons, clinical researchers, and vascular specialists from the U.S. and Europe, including Professor Tanya Turan (Medical Unive

AUDIO:  A stroke is a sudden brain injury caused by an interruption of blood flow (ischemic stroke) or by bleeding in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke). It is one of the most serious acute neurological conditions, often resulting in permanent disability or death, and remains a leading cause of long-term disability and secondary mortality both globally and in the United States. The modern clinical motto is: “Every minute counts – time is brain” —meaning that every moment without

AUDIO: Blood pressure (or arterial pressure) is the force that blood exerts on the walls of the arterial system—a key indicator of the body’s hemodynamic state. At its core, blood pressure results from the interaction between cardiac output (the volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit of time) and total peripheral resistance, which is primarily determined by the arterioles—the smallest blood vessels responsible for regulating blood flow to tissues. Regulating arterial pr

AUDIO: Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, is an acute cardiovascular event in which the blood flow to a portion of the heart muscle is suddenly interrupted. This results in ischemia (lack of oxygen) and subsequent necrosis—irreversible death of heart cells. The myocardium is the muscular tissue of the heart—the main "pumping" part responsible for the contractions that maintain circulation. Thanks to the constant work of the myocardium, blood reaches all

AUDIO: Introduction   This article provides synthesized and up-to-date information on Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)—one of the most common and socially significant issues in cardiovascular medicine. The information is derived from the scientific publication "Supervised Exercise Training for Chronic Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology,"  published

AUDIO: Introduction This material is based on the most recent and comprehensive publication on heart failure: “Universal definition and classification of heart failure: a report of the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure”  (European Journal of Heart Failure, 2021). The author team includes leading experts from around

AUDIO: Introduction Heart failure is one of the most serious and rapidly growing health challenges of our time, affecting millions of people worldwide and significantly impacting both the length and quality of their lives. While advances in medicine have led to new therapeutic options and improved diagnostics, the condition remains associated with high mortality and frequent hospitalizations. This article is based on a summary and analysis of the leading scientific review “He

AUDIO: Introduction   This article is entirely based on the consensus report by the American Diabetes Association titled "Heart Failure: An Underappreciated Complication of Diabetes. A Consensus Report of the American Diabetes Association,"  published in Diabetes Care  in 2022. The report was prepared by a multidisciplinary team of leading experts in endocrinology, cardiology, and internal medicine, with participation from the American College of Cardiology and prestigious in

AUDIO: Introduction  This article is based on the most recent review paper, “Advances in Management of Heart Failure”  (2024), published in the highly respected medical journal The BMJ  (British Medical Journal), authored by Professor Paul Heidenreich and Dr. Alexander Sandhu from Stanford University School of Medicine and the VA Palo Alto Health Care System, USA. Both researchers are leading clinicians and scientists in the field of cardiovascular disease, with Prof. Heidenr

AUDIO: Overview   Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s...