The information in this article is entirely based on the most up-to-date international consensus, published in July 2024 in the...

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is one of the most significant and common complications in modern hospital medicine, affecting both adults and children, but with especially severe outcomes in patients with multiple underlying health conditions. In order to provide patients and their loved ones with the most up-to-date and evidence-based answers to key questions, this article draws on one of the latest and most authoritative sources in the field: the review article “Acute kidney inj

This article is based on the most up-to-date and internationally recognized guideline for managing blood pressure in chronic kidney disease – the KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease  ( Kidney International, 2021, 99, S1–S87 ). The guideline is the result of collaboration among leading global experts—nephrologists, clinical researchers, and practicing physicians—organized under the international body Kidney Dise

The information presented in the following questions and answers is entirely based on the scientific review “Clinical...

This article presents the most up-to-date and reliable information on chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), based on the publication US Renal Data System 2020 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States , published in the American Journal of Kidney Diseases  (2021, Volume 77, Suppl 1). The report was prepared by a multidisciplinary team of leading American physicians, scientists, and researchers in nephrology, epidemiolog

Kidney Failure: A Comprehensive and Up-to-Date Overview   (Based on the latest peer-reviewed research, clinical guidelines, and official sources from 2020–2024) Brief Overview Kidney failure—also known as renal failure or end-stage renal disease (ESRD)—is a serious medical condition in which the kidneys lose their ability to filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood. This leads to a buildup of toxins and fluids in the body, which can be life-threatening without t